Nursing Theory Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Theory - Article Example Moreover, the key purposes nursing theories emphasized overproviding specific guideline for establishment of nursing knowledge and practice. Moreover, nursing theories serve as a tool for determining the roles and responsibilities that are associated with specific job role, such as intensive care by nurses and further outline the reasons behind performing such roles. Nursing theories serve several purposes and are attributed to a number of characteristics that makes it necessary to ensure that people engaged in nursing and healthcare profession are able to understand such theories and implemented for providing superior care to the patients. An understanding of the nursing theories is important since they are associated with providing specific path for developing the nursing practice and knowledge and further assist in fostering of successive knowledge regarding various dimensions underlying in the nursing practices. Additionally, the prime necessity behind understanding of nursing theories is that they help in developing successive understanding variables associated with health, human beings and environment (Crossan & Robb, 1998). In self-practice while performing the job role of an intensive care nurse, knowledge regarding nursing theories is regarded to be highly essential and provides a definite path to perform the nursing tasks. Moreover, substantial level of knowledge regarding nursing theories enables healthcare executives to gain deeper understanding of the job responsibilities and further helps in taking effective decision-making while practicing. Moreover, in actual scenario, nursing practices is associated with development of substantial understanding of the factors related to nursing, such as performing job roles effectively, and ensuring patient care amongst others, which are determined with the help of knowledge established through nursing theories (Sousa & Hayman, 2002). The online journal of ‘Nursing Theory Development’ published

African religion and christianity Essay Example for Free

African religion and christianity Essay Although Africa was not a plain or bear continent, Africans had their way of life, structure of government, religion, economic activities, education,systems of marriage and development plans for their societies, nevertheless the British brought their systems which conflicted with Africans established way of life, this was because the British, as many other European powers were economically depressed and Africa appeared to be the only way out.The British wanted to pass the three C’s; Commerce, that is to make money through acquisition of free labour form Africans, raw materials for their industries as industrial revolution back in Britain was rapidly taking place, market for their surplus production; Christianity to save Africans as alluded in the Gospel of Saint Mark 16 versus 5 Go ye to the entire world, baptizing all men in the name of Jesus. †Explorers such as David Livingstone, Vasco Da Gama, Portuguese Diego Cam and Arabs with Muslim faith had missionary zeal. The last C is for Civilization, they wanted to civilize Africans in terms of education, culture and many other aspects I will bring out later in this essay. RELIGION Black`s Law Definition of religion; This is man`s relation to Divinity, reverence, worship, obedience, and submission to mandates and precepts of supernatural or superior beings. In a broad sense, it includes all forms of belief in the existence of superior beings exercising power over human beings by volition, imposing rules of conduct with future rewards and punishments. AFRICAN RELIGION Awolalu defines African religion as â€Å"†¦largely written in the people’s myth and folktales, in their songs and dances, in their liturgies and shrines and in their proverbs and pithy sayings. It is a religion whose historical founder is neither known nor worshipped; it is a religion that has no zeal for the membership drive, yet it offers persistent fascination for Africans, young and old.† The African traditional religion was not homogeneous as the communities had different ethnic background thus the religious practices such rituals varied one community to the other. It is worth noting that it was oral, not scripted or written and was passed from one generation to the other by word of mouth as I earlier alluded in the Awolalu definition of religion. Within their organized societal structures, Africans believed in supernatural beings together with ancestral spirits.The ancestral spirits were believed to link the living societal members to the gods. We all agree that one cannot talk about African religion without African values as they are intertwined and inseparable. African religion was embedded in moral values or codes or standards which were believed to originate from God through the ancestral spirits, these values when followed or observed one would be rewarded with maybe good harvest from their cultivation of land or increased number of a flock of cattle. When these values have violated the culprits were reprimanded, for instance, adultery was highly condemned therefore in case a member engaged in it he or she could be punished by God through the ancestral spirit. This punishment could be through the infliction of sickness to the culprit or barrenness. The concept of values is a vital point as one talks of the African religion. African religion is drawn from the African values. The African religion had some institutions which presided over religious functions, these institutions were believed to communicate directly to ancestral spirits (living dead) who in turn would communicate to the gods and grievances of the living societal members would be heard. In the Kenyan context, these institutions include Orkoyot of the Nandi, Oloibon of the Maasai, Seers, Diviners, and Rainmakers depending on the ethnic communities which they came from. These institutions apart from the veneration of the ancestors, they blessed warrior before going for war, advised the political leaders, offered sacrifice to god and conducted rituals for the culprits who violated moral values in the community. The gods had some specific names for instance, in Kenyan context, we had Enkai for the Maasai, Encore for the Abagusii, Mulungu for Akamba, Asis the Nandi, Ngai for the Agikuyu and Nyasaye for the Luo. There were specific worship places which were regarded as holy, this places included shrines, mountaintops some special trees such as mugumo, hills, and some caves. The diversity of the names given to gods and places of worship, show the lack of uniformity in the African Religion. This concludes that Africans were of different ethnic background and had their own religion, gods, and religion as a community. CHRISTIANITY This is a religion based on the life, teachings, and practices of the person of Jesus Christ. The origin of Christianity is drawn from a character, believed to be the Son of God. It is a religion more about the relationship between one and Jesus rather religious practices. A Christian, as the name suggests is a follower of Christ. The origin of Jesus of extra-ordinary or Supernatural happening as it is believed He was conceived by the power of Holy Spirit and born of a Virgin. This small description ascertains the definition of religion as I had earlier defined it. Christianity is practiced through reading the Bible and attendance of services for the Protestants and Mass for the Catholics. The religion is scripted or written in the Bible which is the reference for all who ascribe to Christianity. It contains all the rules guidelines, commands that Christians should observe their entire life. These guidelines govern human relationship to one another and their relationship to their God.there no diverse Christians as all of them draw their beliefs from Jesus Christ through reading and exercising their beliefs from the Bible.Christianity is a homogeneous religion or rather uniform. There are institutions such Priests, Bishops and Catholic Fathers who lead other Christians in worship. These people undergo theology training for them to undertake their duties. There are specific places of worship where Christians congregate. These places are Churches or Chapels. THE CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. They mainly to spread Christianity and Commerce†¦Dr. David Livingstone, I go back to Africa to make an open pass for Christianity and Commerce.† The first encounter is dated from the 15th Century. The Portuguese Christianity introduction to Africans in the East African Coast. This, however, had very little success. By 19th Century Christian missionaries arrived in East Africa they included: 1.The Holy Ghost Fathers 2.The Church Missionary Society 3.The Methodist Fathers 4.The Mill Hill Fathers THE ENCOUNTER I) Source/origin of Religion The Africans believed that their religion was sourced from god, who they believed long before their ancestors’ existence. The British Missionaries conflict with Africans by telling them about the existence of a God who had a son and lived among us many years ago. The religion of British was written (Bible) thus one had to have the ability to read and write in order to understand it, whereas that of African was passed from generation to generation by oral tradition. There is an introduction of a new system of identifying the origin of religion which conflicts with the African system. II) Places of worship The Africans revered in special caves, Mountaintops, hills, Forests, Special trees (mugumo) and shrines. The British tell Africans that they should worship God places called Churches. This encounter shows that there is a bit of clashing as the African places were very clearly defined and preserved by the community members. The British also seized African land to construct churches or chapels, Africans, as a result, became very hostile as they had distinct worship places which occurred naturally. They believed that their land was for cultivation and a gift from their gods. III) The Practices of Religion The Africans practiced their religion by reverence to their ancestors, offering human and animal sacrifices and invoking the ancestral spirits. They offered sacrifices in order to get favors in terms of harvest. The African worship was communal that is, all community members used to convene to pray for rain and ask for the wellness of the community. The British religion had an aspect of confession of one`s sins before worship, repentance, and forgiveness of sin are granted. This aspect of forgiveness of sins lacks in the traditional African religion, one had to be punished for wrongdoing. British missionary religion brings out an aspect of offerings in terms of money and tithe which is ten percent of one`s total earnings. IV) Religious leaders In African religion, worship was led by Diviners, Rainmakers, and Seers who were considered righteous. The work of religious leaders was taught through apprecentiship and was hereditary from specific clans in the community. There were certain clans from whom diviners would descend. They were highly respected in the community. The British Christian religious leaders attend school to be trained mainly on theology. They study formalities of worship and nature of God. Any member of Christian family can become a religious leader although there are some myths which say one has to be ‘called’ by God. The Christian leader has to have the ability to read and write so as to pass the scriptures to his congregation. V) Uniformity of Religion As I handled earlier in this essay, the African traditional religion was diverse from one ethnic community to the other due to the linguistic differences, migration patterns and origin. Christianity is introduced as a homogeneous religion as the author of it is Jesus Christ, a common ancestry and reference point for all Christians. The diversity of worship is dismantled by the British introduction of this even religion. As I have pointed above there are distinct differences between Traditional African Religion and the British Christianity and how both systems fought to outdo the other. The African religion had deep roots in the society as it was passed orally through stories, myths, riddles and proverbs which were very appealing to the audience. These deep roots were however uprooted as change is inevitable in every circumstance. As an old adage, ‘one man’s meat is another man’s poison.’ The British struck the Africans struck back but were easily overpowered, and gave in. The British were gradually using religion as a tool to pass several other systems to the Africans. Education which traditionally was based on oral tradition was easily eliminated as most Africans wanted to quench their thirst for knowledge, for those who resisted religion soon began to embrace this Whiteman’s way of worship.

EUROPEAN DISEASES Essay -- essays research papers fc

The greatest adversary to the natives in the Americas was not the swords or guns of the invaders. It was the devastation brought by deadly diseases infecting an unsuspecting population that had no immunity to such diseases. The Europeans were said to be thoroughly diseased by the time Columbus set sail on his first voyage (Cowley, 1991). Through the domestication of such animals as pigs, horses, sheep, and cattle, the Europeans exposed themselves to a vast array of pathogens which continued to be spread through wars, explorations, and city-building. Thus any European who crossed the Atlantic was immune to such diseases as measles and smallpox because of battling them as a child. The original inhabitants traveled to the New World in groups of a couple hundred each. Because microbes such as the ones that cause measles and smallpox need populations of several million to survive, the original populations were unaffected by the deadly diseases. However, by the time Columbus arrived, the major Indian groups of Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas had built their populations up enough to sustain mass epidemics. Evidence shows that these populations suffered from such diseases as syphilis, tuberculosis, a few intestinal parasites, and some types of flu, but not the diseases that had been infecting the Old World for centuries. Thus when the Europeans arrived bringing diseases such as smallpox, measles, whooping cough, etc. the natives were immunologically defenseless (Cowley, 1991). It is believed that 40 million to 50 million people inhabited the New World before the arrival of Columbus and the Europeans, and that most of them died within a few decades. For example, Mexico's population fell from about 30 million in 1519 to 3 million in 1588. The other South and Central American countries as well as the Caribbean islands suffered the same devastation (Cowley, 1991). Mass epidemics were virtually unknown in the New World prior to the invasion of the Europeans. Aside from their lack of immunity to the pathogens, another factor in the rapid spread of the diseases could have been the weariness of the Indian populations. Due to their recent conquest and oppression by the Spaniards, the Indians were probably too tired to fight the infections. One thing that must be noted is that contrary to popular belief, infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, etc. are not desig... ...o be like syphilis in that it was haunting isolated populations before becoming global. And just as syphilis was carried globally by ships; jet planes and world-wide social changes have brought AIDS out of isolation. Like smallpox and other infectious diseases in the 16th century and AIDS in the 20th century, what new disease will hit and destroy unsuspecting populations? BIBLIOGRAPHY Cowley, Geoffrey. "The Great Disease Migration." Newsweek (Special Issue, Fall/Winter 1991) pp. 54-56 Crosby, Alfred W. Jr. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, Westport: Greenwood Press, 1972 Assignment: Write a short review of this paper for class on Friday. In addition, overwhelming historical evidence suggests that the greatest rates of morbidity and death from infection are associated with the introduction of new diseases from one region of the world to another by processes associated with civilized transport of goods at speeds and over distances outside the range of movements common to hunting and gathering groups. (excerpt from book of same title: pp. 131-141) Cohen, M. Health and the Rise of Civilization. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.

What was Ednas Awakening? Essay -- Literary Analysis, Kate Chopin

The roles we fill in society are what define us as a person. Many times, we do not choose our own place, but we still are obligated to fill it. Some societies have limited roles, especially for minorities such as blacks, women, and so on. However, in a society with an endless number of options, where people are free to be anything they want to be, how is it that one-woman still feels lost? Kate Chopin's book, The Awakening, tells the story of just that. A woman named Edna Pontellier is 28 years old living in New Orleans at the end of the 19th century. Unlike her old home in Kentucky, the Creoles are free to be what they will. The only stipulation is once you have chosen that role it is expected of you to obey it. In Edna's case, once she has picked her poison she is forced to drink it. Edna walked through her life almost asleep, going through the motions. After six years of marriage and two children, she suddenly realizes she has not been living at all. She struggles des perately to gain her independence and find who she really is. By the end, Edna has crossed a number of social taboos to the tragic end of suicide. Did Edna ever fully awaken herself by drowning at sea, or was it fear of failure that brought Edna to killing her self? This argument should start by explaining why Edna needed to have an awakening in the first place. Looking at the culture, she should have already been awakened. However, the strict up bringing by her father determined her path until she was aware enough to know it. Edna joined Madame Ratignolle for a walk down the beach. While sitting somberly in the shade, Ratignolle asked Edna what was on her mind. Loosing track of her thoughts, they wandered to an old memory of her life in Kent... ...uts herself back in the same place she was. This idea of a partner is not just a little voice in her head; it is something she actively pursues with Robert, pleading to him "We shall be everything to each other" (147). This uncontrollable desire to become one with Robert is what turns her to suicide. When he leaves for Mexico Edna is alone and understands how much Robert was a part of her life for she was, "under the spell of her infatuation . . . The thought of him was like an obsession, ever pressing itself upon her . . . It was his being, his existence, which dominated her thought" (73). Robert leaves for good because he does not want to rune her marriage. Edna realizes that no matter how much power and independence she gained, life was not worth living if Robert, who was the one who helped her change in the first place, was not there to share it with.

A leadership paper on Abigail Adams Essay

Abigail Adams, an active letter writer, early feminist, and patriot, was an inspiring leader who used her intelligence and wit to open the doors for many significant things to come. Her accomplishments as a leader will never be forgotten and are very well respected. Every historical figure can be evaluated in different ways, using different criteria; but most people will agree that Abigail Adams contributed greatly to history, in providing both documentation and leadership. In assessing a leader, their use of determination can help prove if they are average or superior. Determination is firmness in purpose and having a fixed intention. Individuals who are determined are motivated and can get things done under any circumstance; being able to do that is crucial to being an effective leader. An example of a determined leader would be George Washington. During the Revolutionary War he took on the role of commanding the continental army; when things were looking bleak his determination led him to make a decision to lead a surprise attack, which was a major turning point in the war. Even though things were tough, he did not give up or let his objective slip away. Another leader who illustrates success fueled by determination was Thurgood Marshall. His willpower helped in many ways; he won 29 of the 32 cases he argued in front of the Supreme Court. Because he was black, he encountered many problems that he had to overcome by determination on his way to becomin g a Supreme Court Justice. His accomplishments showed that determination prevailed during his entire life . Determination was also prevalent all throughout Abigail Adams’ life. She was very determined to share her opinion and supported it well. When she wrote letters to her friends and family she discussed her beliefs and shared her knowledge with them. â€Å"I am more convinced that man is a dangerous creature, and that power whether vested in many or a few is ever grasping†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Adams 1776). Her modern thoughts and ideas alarmed some, but she was determined to express her feelings anyways. When Adams wrote her husband asking him to â€Å"remember the ladies† his reply was â€Å"As to your extraordinary code of laws, I cannot but laugh†(Adams 1774). Despite the ridicule, she wrote him again numerous times about the issue at hand without any bitterness or resent. Abigail Adams had to go through many things throughout her lifetime, in  which determination was necessary. She had to spend long periods away from her husband while he was away for business; during those times she took care of the children and their farm, sometimes even providing the family income. Her determination and intelligence helped her carry out these task. Another important trait that leadership demands is knowledge. Knowledge is familiarity, awareness, or understanding gained through experience or study. A leader must be knowledgeable in general and regarding the specific issue at hand. It is not possible to lead anything if you are not familiar with what the concerns really are. Having knowledge about the subject can help influence people and get them to respond to the cause. Albert Einstein was a very knowledgeable leader. His theories and findings furthered many world-changing experiments and events. One of his most important discoveries is the one that sparked the creation of the disastrous atomic bomb. In addition to Albert Einstein, Abraham Linclon was a knowledgeable leader during the Civil War. He used his knowledge to see the big picture, which helped the north work towards their goals in the war; in the end, he accomplished them and was successful. Lincoln’s knowledge was a vital factor leading them into triumph. Although Abigail Adams had little formal education, she was intelligent and open-minded. She demonstrated knowledge when she voiced her political concerns in letters to her husband John Adams. â€Å"If a form of government is to be established here, what one will be assumed? Will it be left to our assemblies to choose one? And will not many men have many minds? And shall we not run into dissensions among ourselves†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Adams 1774). She goes on to support her opinion in a way only someone familiar with his or her subject can do. Her husband was continually impressed with her political advice and opinion; he wrote to her in one letter, â€Å"I think you shine as a sates woman of late as well as a farmeress†(Adams 1776). Even when Abigail was in Paris, where she joined John Adams at his diplomatic post, she broadened her knowledge by reading French literature and forcing herself to write down every word that was unknown. Knowledge was one of Adams stronger leadership tr aits, ultimately contributing to her becoming the remarkable leader she was. A requirement of superior leadership is assertiveness. Assertiveness is shown in a person who is fearless and daring. Being bold shows how far someone will go to get their point across and how much they are willing to risk. In certain situations a leader might be put in, being daring is key. It shows brave and courageous characteristics. Medgar Evers was a very assertive leader. Being known as on of the most vocal members of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) he led peaceful marches, boycotts, vigils, and picket lines in support of his cause. Another leader that showed a lot of assertiveness was Malcolm X. His beliefs of separatism, black pride, and the use of casual violence to prove these beliefs were very bold. Malcolm X’s assertiveness was definitely his one of his assets. Being bold was a strong point for Abigail Adams. She was ahead of her time and made sure people knew how she felt about women’s rights, slavery, and politics in general. She went as far as to write her husband at the constitutional convention and tell him her thoughts and possible actions. † If particular care and attention is not paid to the ladies, we are determined to formant a rebellion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Adams 1776). Adams fearlessly expressed her opinions in private as well as public. Being a man and sharing your beliefs in such a way was considered bold, but to be a woman at that time and do that was almost unheard of. Abigail Adams even went as far as to write the president, Thomas Jefferson, in response to his attack on her husbands â€Å"midnight appointments†. Abigails daring and fearless actions in situations undoubtedly gave her an advantage in being leader. A leader would not be complete without demonstrating the use of some kind of strategy. Strategy is a plan of action that intends to accomplish a specific goal. The key to getting things accomplished is the use of tactics and planning. They must be able to plan some strategy to succeed in attaining their goals, if not they will struggle to get things done. Both General George Patton and Martin Luther King Jr. were exceptionally tactful. General Patton was strategic in his military affairs, which led to many victories. In the summer of 1944, George Patton took the Third Army and broke through the German defenses in the Normandy campaign. Martin Luther King Jr. held  strong beliefs in peace during the civil rights movement; this was a very difficult thing to do because this time was extremely violent and it was hard to express your point without using some sort of violence. He had to be very tactful; he held peaceful rallies and marches, also giving many speeches to rise above and acc omplish what he did. Although both men’s strategies were completely different, they still illustrated successful strategic method. The strategic qualities of Abigail Adams were primarily focused on her words and in how she made her point. Adams really did not show many strategic moves concerning intense action, but in her letters and arguments, she had a tactful way of writing things. In her letter to Thomas Jefferson, written to defended her husband’s actions, she strategically showed her point. â€Å"You have been pleased to enter upon some subjects which call for a reply†¦As this act, I am certain, was not intended to give any personal pain or offense†¦but the different political opinions which have so unhappily divided our country must have given rise to that idea† (Adams 1804). Abigail made her point as well as looking classy and intelligent in doing so. In all of her correspondence, she tackled arguments and writing in general strategically with elegance and style. Desire is another characteristic that fuels effective leaders. The intense want of something is desire. When people want or desire something, they work hard to get it completed. The more aspiration a leader has, the more likely it is they will achieve their goals. Just wanting something is enough to drive people to victory. The colonist in early America yearned for freedom from Britain. Even though Britain had the most powerful army in the world at that time, the desire of the colonist pulled them through the war to success. Mother Teresa also showed much desire for her cause. She was very dedicated and wanted to assist people in any way possible. Driven by desire, Mother Teresa accomplished many great things in her lifetime and helped many people despite the fact she was only one person. The desire held by Abigail Adams for her cause was not shown in actions, but in her sacrifices and the bold sharing of her feelings. When she wrote  something as motivating as â€Å"We have too many high sounding words, and too few actions that correspond with them†(Adams 1784), she showed her patriotic desire, the desire for her country to succeed. She felt so strongly about her aspirations that she risked her reputation and respect from certain people just to share her opinion. Abigail sacrificed a lot for her husband and his career. During times when John Adams was gone, she struggled with wartime shortages and inflation, ran her family’s farm with little help, and taught her five children when formal education was inconsistent. Although Adams showed a more passive desire, it is still very much there and a part of her leadership. Abigail Adams showed many important leadership characteristics and is considered a great leader with many achievements. Thousands of her letters have recorded the history throughout the building conflict of the American Revolution. Adams became a trusted and influential confident to her husband. Her thoughts and feelings on slavery, women’s right, and education were ahead of her time. Even though Adams did not provide any immediate change in the way women were dealt with or perceived, her analytical standpoint concerning the role of women definitely stirred things up. Thanks to Abigail Adams’ leadership, the women that followed her brought about lasting change. Although she was not appreciated for her many accomplishments at the time of her life, she is now celebrated as the significant leader she was. â€Å"Leadership is practiced not so much in words as in attitude and in actions.†

North vs. South, 1861 Face to Face. Strengths and Weaknesses

North vs. South, 1861 Face to Face. Strengths and Weaknesses Among the most memorable events that had the greatest impact on the development of the United States, the war between the North and the South takes the first spot, not only for being one of the greatest bloodbaths in the history, but also for its results, which established final and complete abolition of slavery and heralded the new epoch which would follow soon, the epoch of equal rights.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on North vs. South, 1861: Face to Face. Strengths and Weaknesses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it must be mentioned that, like any other war, the Civil War could have had the most unpredictable consequences and could have resulted in anything unless one of the sides used their resources in a different way. Therefore, assessing and estimating the factors which caused the existing results and finding out the strengths and the weaknesses of each side, as well as the goals of South and the reaso ns the latter were not reached, one can possibly understand why the North finally took its victory. Starting with the Confederates and the factors that defined their war strategy and tactics, one must keep in mind the specifics of the South and the lifestyle which the residents of the South led. Having their fighting and shooting skills perfected, the dwellers of the South were rather tough opponents (Gallagher, 2001, 23). In addition, the military leaders of the South were far more resourceful than their North opponents: â€Å"Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. (â€Å"Stonewall†) Jackson were more skillful military leaders than those the Union initially brought forward† (Boyer, 2001, 130). The last and the most important thing that could have made the South invincible, if not for several crucial mistakes and the numerous disadvantages, was the location of the battles. It is quite important that the fights which the Confederates led were located mostly in their native lands, which meant that the South had to fight in their homeland. Since the given advantage allowed to locate the troops in the most successful way and make use of the fact that the North army could not choose the proper tactics in a completely unknown location, the given factor is of crucial importance – in fact, it could have even changed the results of the war, had the Confederates taken advantage of their sudden luck. However, once the South did not make use of its profitable position, the chance was lost. Still, there were considerable problems in numerous aspects with the South and its political, economical and social factors. The first and the foremost, the South had less population, which meant that the quality of their fighting skills had to level the gap in quantity. In addition, the Union and its forces blocked all the ports in the South, which meant that the latter could not obtain any outside help or even continue the trading relationships.Advertising Looking fo r essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the industry in the South was underdeveloped and the war funds were not provided in the required amount. Finally, the Confederate states made too large an area to defend its every corner, which the Union knew and made efficient use of (Donovan Griess, 2002, 92). As for the North, its obvious advantages practically predetermined the outcomes of the war. As Gallagher (2001) said, â€Å"The North entered the war with seemingly decisive advantages in almost every measurable category† (22). In addition, as Gallagher (2001) explained, â€Å"The North far outstripped the Confederacy in almost every economic category.† However, when dealing with the North advantages, the industry must be mentioned first: â€Å"in 1860, there were 110,000 northern manufacturing establishments employing 1,300,000 workers.† Moreover, the North had its transportation sys tem up to the notch – its mileage was about 220,000, while Confederacy had about 9,000 (Gallagher, 2001, 22). In addition, the manpower and the Navy forces were more than powerful in the North. To top it all, the North had Lincoln – and this man alone was worth the Navy and the army altogether. However, the Union also had its weak spots, and the notorious military leaders leaved much to be desired. At best they were harmless; at worst, they put the entire Union under a threat (Gallagher, 2001, 23). In addition, the Union had no African people recruited, while the South used their slaves as the key force. Hence, the North had everything to win the battle. Despite the few disadvantages concerning the lack of the number of soldiers and a more serious concern about the military leaders, who, apart from Lincoln, hardly satisfied the requirements and could not stand the comparison to their more adequate and competent South opponents, the North had the advantages which the So uth could not compete with. Though it cannot be assumed that the North knew they would win the war even before they actually started it, the South had very few chances to take the victory in this battle. Perhaps, these were not only the tangible factors that helped the Union take over the Confederates, but also the very idea that millions of Africans will be freed, and that slavery would soon become a distant memory.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on North vs. South, 1861: Face to Face. Strengths and Weaknesses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Boyer, P. S. (2001). The Oxford companion to United States history. Oxford, UK: Oxfords University Press. Donovan, T. H., Griess, T. E. (2002). The American Civil War. New York, NY: Square One Publishers. Gallagher, G. W. (2001). The American Civil War: The War in the East 1861 – May  1963. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing.

Who Gave Pinta to the Santa Maria essays

Who Gave Pinta to the Santa Maria essays Dr. Desowitz writes about tropical diseases, as the title shows, but he does it in a humorous way that is understandable to just about any reader. What happens in this book is quite simple. The Earth evolves, weather develops and alters from hot to cold, and man evolves during a warm period. Man develops diseases that flourish in a tropical climate, and they are spread as explorers and discoverers move across the globe. From 50,000 B.C. to 2500 A.D. the story has been the same. Diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, and different strains of worms have existed for thousands of years, and will continue to exist. Man passes these diseases, and so do insects and the tropical climate itself. Man will continue to pass down these diseases, and new, more hardy strains will continue to develop. This has happened throughout history, and it will happen again. This book is a virtual history of disease and how it travels. Scientific method was certainly used in this book, because the study and understanding of various diseases is based on scientific study. However, history also played a large part in the book, because the author traces the diseases he talks about chronologically through history, and shows how mans' evolution contributed to the spread of tropical diseases. Dr. Desowitz clearly is a scientist, and he looks at diseases scientifically (such as his close scrutiny of Midwestern prairie dog towns and their prevalence or (lack) of plague, but he also infuses the book with humor - something vital to creating interest and understanding in the reader. Part scientist, part historian, and part humorist, Dr. Desowitz manages to make disease interesting and entertaining, which ultimately makes the reader want to learn more. This is not often the case in scientific study and journals, and so, it might seem unusual for a book based in scientific fact, but it works, and that ...

Baleful and Baneful

Baleful and Baneful Baleful and Baneful Baleful and Baneful By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, Would you please tell me the difference between baleful and baneful. I know both adjectives relate to evil. Both of these adjectives derive from ancient Old English words. In Beowulf, a bane is a murderer. By extension, bane came to mean anything that causes destruction. In time, bane came to be a synonym for poison. The element appears in the names of several plants that have poisonous properties: henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) dogbane (Apocynum) wolfsbane (Aconitum lycoctonum) A common name for rat poison (especially white arsenic) is ratsbane. In modern usage the meaning of baneful at its strongest is pernicious; at its mildest, harmful. Here are some examples: The authors neglect the baneful effect of the gold standard in their discussion of the Great Depression and other economic periods.   The Baneful Consequences of the U.S. Dietary Guidelines He deplores the general decline of handwriting and the  baneful effect  on communication.   On the one hand, there is persuasive evidence that gender bias, gender segregation, and gender discrimination still exist and still have a baneful effect on access. The Old English word bealu (the source of bale in baleful) may be translated variously as harm, injury, ruin, evil, mischief, and wickedness. A bealu could be a wound or anything unpleasant. In modern usage, the adjective baleful is used in the sense of threatening: And as he spoke his eyes gleamed, and again that  baleful  smile passed over his face. A  baleful  star, come to cause us harm IRS Turning Its Baleful Gaze At Company Cafeterias That Churn Out Free  Food Sometimes the phrase â€Å"a baleful look† seems to be used as the equivalent of â€Å"an accusing look† or â€Å"a dirty look†: I have one-sided conversations with the dog (who at best cocks his head quizzically at me but most often  casts me a baleful look). Kevin sat on my bed  giving me baleful looks. When I called out to her, she turned and gave me what could only be described as a  baleful look.   As the reader suggests, both baneful and baleful carry connotations of evil. Some speakers do use the words interchangeably, but there’s a difference. In the following examples the word baneful (harmful) would be the clearer choice: The baleful effect of computer benchmarks upon applied mathematics, physics and chemistry. (Title of a paper by a mathematics professor). First, since the evidence suggests that computer technologies generally improve student achievement overall, and no baleful results were found, there should be more computer use by students regardless of social class or geographic location. (From an academic paper about technology and education). Bale (evil) is no longer used apart from the adjective baleful, but the word bane continues to be used as a stand-alone noun in the sense of â€Å"a person who makes another completely miserable† or â€Å"the agent or instrument of ruin or woe†: My ex-husband is the bane of my happiness. Edward Snowden continues to be the bane of U.S. government surveillance and spy operations.   Opium had in fact been the bane of the economic and social life of the Assamese people. Bradford pear one of lifes many botanical banes Fleas are the  bane of my existence. Baleful conveys menace, whereas baneful connotes definite harm. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial Expressions"Gratitude" or "Gratefulness"?Drama vs. Melodrama

Explain dualism, materialism, and Idealism. Which is preferable and Essay

Explain dualism, materialism, and Idealism. Which is preferable and why - Essay Example nly measure of reality by disregarding other possible dimensions such as the mental, cultural, or spiritual as it is only material things that constitute the entirety of the universe including all other phenomena. This theory is alternatively termed as eliminative materialism because it disregards all the other possible mental states as probably inherently wrong and non-existent (Ramsey, 2013). 3. Idealism – this philosophy is basically the exact opposite of materialism by claiming that all forms of observed phenomena (or reality itself) are primarily ideal or mental in form only (as mental constructs and therefore immaterial by its very nature). It rejects materialism by and other forms of philosophical thought by saying all human experiences are mental in nature and the entire universal human existence is just like one giant â€Å"mental thought† and ultimate reality is nothing but just images or representations of what people observed (McQuillan, 2014). Dualism is a better philosophy because it more or less is consonant with what people are observing and experiencing in terms of their earthly human existence. In other words, there is a duality in human existence which is the physical or material world and then another dimension of a spiritual nature because the mind-body interactions are very real indeed (Kelly,

Plato's Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Plato's Republic - Essay Example In this sense, justice is instrumental to both ethical and political philosophy—the practical sciences—and guides them both. However, the inevitable question comes about from Thrasymachus, who asks â€Å"what if one can get away with being unjust?† Socrates answer essentially comes in the following: â€Å"those who practice justice do it unwillingly, because they lack the power to do injustice.† To rephrase, because justice is a virtue, it is a characteristic of one’s psyche, or a way of perceiving the world, and it simply comes naturally when one reacts to certain situations. Accordingly, if all members of a given society possessed the virtue of justice, the society would be just, which, as will be argued here, necessary for the formation of a functional society. But the problem remains: what if a man can act unjustly and not suffer any consequences? Indeed, if given the change, people would act upon such an opportunity, disobeying common moral principles. Glaucon resorts to a fantastical thought experiment wherein two magic rings are produced and given to man. His story describes the rings of magic that make men indivisible whenever they are placed on his finger. Glaucon, in the process of helping Socrates build his Ideal State, proposes that each and every human being would conduct himself in a similar manner given this amazing power. They would, according to him, both break into houses unseen and help themselves to whatever they fancied. Freed of legal and social responsibility (the invisibility of the Ring of Gyges represents immunity from justice), any man could not, and so would not, feel any need for the virtue of justice. Glaucon’s position then becomes one of pessimism: the just man is only just insofar as he possesses a fear of the consequences of his actions in terms of potential punishments, whether these punishments are inflicted upon

Getting fired from jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Getting fired from jobs - Essay Example However, this is not true in some cases leading to the said employees having to struggle to keep up with the requirements of their job description after hiring. This is a leading cause as it puts the employer in a difficult position following this inability, of a highly decorated employee, to learn their jobs in or on time for productive working. In addition, the issue of bringing personal issues into work is not left out. This is following the potential that some workers have in their social lives in relation to their ability to socialize effectively and the inability to keep apart professionalism and personal issues. In light of this, personal issues may be brought through one of two or even both ways, which are gossip on other employees, or even bringing in personal differences with other employees to cause squabbles. These are solid grounds for dismissal as it affects the productivity of the employee in question and others that are involved in the personal differences. In addition, the interference of personal issues in the workplace may also occur through using business hours n the workplace to attend to personal issues. Such issues include family problems or even helping friends take care of their own problem. It may be a positive thing to help others or even take care of one’s own problems, but the negative point comes in when the employee cheats the employer of productive time through the same. For example, if an employee has marital problems with his or her husband or wife, it is only logical to attempt at correcting the problems for peace of mind. However, using time, which one is paid for by the employer and is meant for the benefit of the said employer, for personal gain is grounds enough for dismissal. The proper channel would be to go through the employer and ask for time off to sort out one’s personal issues before

National Response Framework (NRF) contains guidelines for Essay

National Response Framework (NRF) contains guidelines for Non-Governmental Organizations - Essay Example mergency Response Plan is dependent on the ability of the plan to solve issues surrounding the involvement of local volunteer bodies and non-governmental organizations. The priorities of responding to a disaster are to protect property, save lives, protect the environment, stabilizing the incident and providing basic human needs. The National Response Framework for Non-governmental Organizations and volunteer bodies is guided by principles that establish the fundamental doctrines for a response mission (Department Of Homeland Security, 2013). These guidelines are engaged partnership, scalable, adaptable and flexible operational capabilities, tiered response, readiness to act and unity of efforts through unified commands. The guidelines are based on the Constitutional and Federal systems of dividing responsibilities. The guidelines for the American Red Cross state that the organization acts as a support body to national response capabilities. According to Annex 6, the two functions of the American Red Cross that can be related to an effective Emergency Response Plan are the provision of relief and basic human needs to the survivors of the disaster and the establishment of a special relationship between the victims and Federal Government (Hansch, 2011, p. 348). These functions are important to an effective Emergency Response Plan because the main aim of responding to an emergency is to provide humanitarian aid. The provision of relief and basic human needs will ensure that victims can survive the disaster. It is vital to create a relationship between the victims and Federal Government in order to ensure that the victims are protected. This also ensures that the human rights of the victims are not violated. The NGOs and volunteers or volunteer groups that will be included in the emergency response plan have the capability to support core response capabilities (Smith, 2011). The first NGO that will be included is the American Red Cross. This NGO has the legal status

Micky McDivet Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Micky McDivet - Assignment Example and where the decision under consideration is that of the ALJ, two standards of review are commonly considered, namely: substantial evidence, and; de novo. A substantial evidence standard of review was defined in Richardson v Perales. 402 US 389, 401 (1971) as â€Å"such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a decision.† A reviewing court must set aside the decision of the trial court if it finds that the evidence used in supporting the decision lacks substance taking into account the evidence in the case’s record that opposed such findings (Universal Camera Corp v NLRB 340 US 474, 488 [1951]). In deciding whether evidence is substantial or not, the US Supreme Court in the Richardson case reminds appellate courts that is â€Å"more than a mere scintilla.† Five decided cases that made use of this standard are the following: A de novo standard of review is one where a â€Å"reviewing court makes an original appraisal of all the evidence to decide whether or not it believes [the conclusions of the trial court]† (Bose Corporation v Consumers Union of the US, Inc. 466 US 485, 514 [1984]). A de novo standard of review applies when there is an error of law (Kober v Apfel, 133 F.Supp.2d 868 [2001] or a mixed error of law and facts (Johnson v Employment Security, 112 Wn.2d 172 [1989]). This standard of review was used in the following cases: Any decision to elevate Mickey McDivet case must take into account the two standards of review, which the federal district courts commonly use in reviewing a case. The issues that an appealing party cites as basis for the appeal usually determine the standard that the court will use. An assignment of error of law, for example, will subject it to a de novo standard review and an assignment of error of fact on the part of the ALJ will subject it to a substantial evidence standard of review. An assignment of both types will create subject it to both

National Response Framework (NRF) contains guidelines for Essay

National Response Framework (NRF) contains guidelines for Non-Governmental Organizations - Essay Example mergency Response Plan is dependent on the ability of the plan to solve issues surrounding the involvement of local volunteer bodies and non-governmental organizations. The priorities of responding to a disaster are to protect property, save lives, protect the environment, stabilizing the incident and providing basic human needs. The National Response Framework for Non-governmental Organizations and volunteer bodies is guided by principles that establish the fundamental doctrines for a response mission (Department Of Homeland Security, 2013). These guidelines are engaged partnership, scalable, adaptable and flexible operational capabilities, tiered response, readiness to act and unity of efforts through unified commands. The guidelines are based on the Constitutional and Federal systems of dividing responsibilities. The guidelines for the American Red Cross state that the organization acts as a support body to national response capabilities. According to Annex 6, the two functions of the American Red Cross that can be related to an effective Emergency Response Plan are the provision of relief and basic human needs to the survivors of the disaster and the establishment of a special relationship between the victims and Federal Government (Hansch, 2011, p. 348). These functions are important to an effective Emergency Response Plan because the main aim of responding to an emergency is to provide humanitarian aid. The provision of relief and basic human needs will ensure that victims can survive the disaster. It is vital to create a relationship between the victims and Federal Government in order to ensure that the victims are protected. This also ensures that the human rights of the victims are not violated. The NGOs and volunteers or volunteer groups that will be included in the emergency response plan have the capability to support core response capabilities (Smith, 2011). The first NGO that will be included is the American Red Cross. This NGO has the legal status

Critically evaluate the contribution of psychological theories to our Essay

Critically evaluate the contribution of psychological theories to our understanding of the entrepreneur - Essay Example In the process the paper undertakes a comparison and contrast of the two approaches; critique on their use in entrepreneurial settings, for making decisions, and for commercial and business purposes; and a discussion of other factors besides traits and behavior that also contribute to understanding how and why entrepreneurs behave and differ in their rates of success. The paper concludes by answering the question of whether or not psychological approaches complement existing entrepreneurship theory. The traits approach, as the name suggests, focuses on personality traits and how those personality traits in the case of entrepreneurs help explain their nature, and their success or failure in their ventures (Rauch and Frese 2007; McCrae 1987). The cognitive approach, on the other hand, focuses on so-called cognitive processes as keys to understanding the psychology of entrepreneurs, and what makes for successes and failures. This school of thought basically also discounts the power of t he traits approach to make sense of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial behavior and dynamics, and argues for looking into the thought processes of entrepreneurs and the way they relate to behavioral outcomes (Psychology and Entrepreneurship 2013, slides 14-22; Barron 1998; Busenitz and Barney 1997). II. Discussion A. Traits Approach vs. ... On the other hand, studies which prove the fluidity of behavior of people in general in different situations put forth the conclusion that personality traits are not consistent at all, and that therefore they cannot be relied on as the foundation of an approach to understand entrepreneurs and their motivations (Mischel and Peake 1982; Psychology and Entrepreneurship 2013, slides 12-13). The same argument is posited by those who point to studies that say that in terms of personality traits entrepreneurs are not much different from other people who are not entrepreneurial (Baron 1998, pp. 275-277). Meanwhile, the cognitive approach moves away from personality traits and the language of the traits approach, to focus on entrepreneurial thought processes and cognition processes, and the way entrepreneurs make use of heuristic thinking, are prone to cognitive biases of all sorts, and focuses generally on an explanation of behavior rather than on the prediction of behavior for entrepreneurs . The cognitive approach is seen as overcoming the static and related biases of the traits approach, and is regarded as being more effective in complex, dynamic settings. Both meanwhile have some success in explaining the risks, financial considerations, and the kind of creative and open-ended thinking, as well as the cognitive shortcuts and biases, that go into entrepreneurial thinking (Psychology and Entrepreneurship 2013, slides 14-22; Barron 1998; Busenitz and Barney 1997). B. Critique on Use in Entrepreneurial and Commercial Settings, in Decision Making Decision-making between entrepreneurs and ordinary managers make clear that cognitive approaches, as well as

The History of African Americans Essay Example for Free

The History of African Americans Essay Jewish people had the horrific era ordeal of the Holocaust, Native Americans had to deal with the displacement of their people which lead to death, starvation and exposure to diseases while in en route to other locations. However one could suggest that African Americans had an extremely rough time, and till this day continue to have a rough time fighting for equality in all things. This is to not downplay the horrific, and devastating things that happened to other ethnicities, but despite the unfairness, the injustice, the inequality, African Americans have always found a way to rise to the occasion and still find some gleam of hope that one day things will be fair. African Americans have endured countless hardships, countless set-backs, and sometimes a seemingly never ending battle. Despite the way the United States have treated blacks from the time they brought slaves over to America on their ships, to this day in age, black people have not given up hope that one day all, especially African Americans will one day be treated equally. This purpose of this paper is to enlighten the accomplishments of the African American race as an whole, and will outline the many trials and tribulations that African Americans have gone through, the many contributions they have made, as well as the relentless efforts blacks have made to not turn its back on the United States, despite the country many of times turning its back, or more-so looking the other way while morally wrong events took place, despite the fact that it seemed oh so many times that they took three steps forward only to be knocked back two. Nonetheless they still prevailed and continuously paving ways and making things better for the next generation making harsh sacrifices, even to the extent of death. Immediately after the Civil War ended and Congress passing the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery in 1865, no more than a year later former Confederate states started passing the so-called â€Å"Black Codes†. What this basically meant was that blacks were now allowed to legally be married, own property, and also have a limited access to the courts, and by limited it meant only when a white person was not being testified against. They could not serve in state militias or on juries, vote, or even start a job without having the consent of a previous employer. They also came up with harsh laws for things that were beyond control such as making it a crime for being unemployed or making trivial offenses, handled on a felony level or with harsher sentences. It basically re-enslaved black people in another fashion by requiring blacks to sign yearly labor contracts, and if refused they risked being arrested and fined or typically forcing them into unpaid labor. (Black Codes , 2013) In 1867 five all black colleges were founded: Howard University, Morgan State College, Talladega College, St. Augustine’s College, and Johnson C Smith College. These schools were actually established 26 years before the end of slavery. Some may ask why were these schools still needed in the first place, or still needed after schools were desegregated in 1954. Well the answer to that question is one of many. For one we must examine this from a realistic angle, at that point in time education amongst African Americans was not encouraged by many whites during that time. Remember it was about 87 years between the time black colleges began existing and schools becoming desegregated. So one can only assume that there were many things done to discourage blacks from being educated such as making laws, and giving harsh punishments, burning down schools, or even extending to death, if discovered that one could read and was educated. Originally starting out the purpose of black colleges were simply for one to teach others to become teachers, however it lead to being the foundation of many inventors, educators, CEO’s, politicians, activists, entrepreneurs, scientist, etc. People such as Oprah Winfrey, Thurgood Marshall, Martin Luther King Jr, Langston Hughes, Jesse Jackson, Spike Lee, and the list could literally go on and on. HBCU’s gave African Americans a sense of pride, dignity, and respect. It helped lead to black people being able to achieve the dreams, that they saw their white counterparts achieving. As a matter of fact during the 80’s and early 90’s it was actually deemed cool to wear HBCU paraphernalia, and be college graduates. People such as Debbie Allen, Bill Cosby, and Spike Lee, promoted the education of African Americans through TV shows and movies, such as Spike Lee’s â€Å"School Daze†, and also on The Cosby show, as well as the spin-off of it entitled â€Å"A Different World†. Which basically showcased the college life of black students, and it gave insight to show others that there are people who look just like them who goes to college. (Coleman C, 2013) After the Civil War in 1865, African Americans began feeling liberated, and they began seeking the same kind of lifestyles they observed their white counter-parts having, such as education, good paying jobs etc. The 20th century â€Å"gave birth to a cultural revolution, the era coined the â€Å"Harlem Renaissance had earned its status as â€Å"the capital of black America†. (Williams, 2013)The existence of organizations such as the NAACP, The National Urban League, and individuals such as Marcus Garvey, African Americans were free to do what they pleased; they still searched for their identity, their â€Å"piece of the pie†. (AE, 2013) In 1931 a case that included nine African American males and two white girls, showcased the injustice in the law when it contained African Americans. The Scottsboro Tragedy is the story of 9 young black males who hopped a train in hopes of finding work, but the only thing they ended up finding was a whole lot of trouble. These nine young men were accused of raped by a 17, and 21 year old white woman. Not that it was anything new to black people, but it was a landmark case that brought to light how the justice system in America differed when the accused are African Americans. This case highlighted how no facts, no evidence, or any proof was used. These young men simply were guilty with no ability to be proven innocent. Keep in mind that the most these boys could have done was hoboing through the train, and possibly could have gotten into a altercation with the white boys and perhaps have gotten the better of them. So for them to be accused of such a heinous crime as rape, showed just how much white people despised of black people. The majority of these young men would end up being falsely imprisoned, having the label of rapist pinned to their name, and go through three different trials that kept proving how the justice system was unfair, especially how one of the white girls recanted her story admitting that she fabricated everything and none of the young black men had ever touched her. But of course in those times it honestly did not matter, because they didn’t have access to fair trial, proper representation, and neither did the whole â€Å"innocent until proven guilty rule† apply to them. (Group, Scottsboro: An American tragedy, 2001) For many years to come America, especially black America would see time and time again how race would play a major factor in the laws and more-so of who which laws apply to whom. In the past years alone we have seen numerous cases of black men being accused of rape, when the evidence barely matched up, or if there were any evidence at all led to the unfar conviction of many black men who either spend many years behind bars for crimes they did not commit, only to be released because the DNA was not a match. Or the many black men who are beaten or killed by cops, specifically white cops, and the ruling comes back not guilt, and the legal systems tells people that it is ok for the police to shoot a unarmed main 50 times, when all he was doing was reaching for his wallet. Despite the inequality, the unfairness, and lack of opportunities in America towards African Americans, that did not change the fact that black Americans felt the need to not only prove they were intellectually capable of the task that the military needed but also, to show patriotism of the African American race. Although it seems ironic how blacks were fighting to keep the freedom for a country where they struggled to have the basic freedoms of others such as equal opportunities when it came to education, job opportunities and basic respect from other individuals. (Group, 2002). The Tuskegee Airmen were a group of African American pilots who were at first seemed to be nothing more than the military carrying out orders to have a group of educated black pilots, but they soon became one of the main forces behind winning the war with their bombing escorts. The very interesting thing about these men was that all they wanted to do was to prove that they were just as intelligent, educated, and has just as much tenacity as the white men. But they were constantly harassed not only outside the military but also inside the military as well. They were given missions that to be quite honest were nothing that proved they were capable of flying an aircraft. But as stated previously even after all their accomplishments and them fighting to keep the freedom of America, they still were treated as second or even third rate citizens, they were treated as if they never made contributions. 1945 marked the beginning of African Americans being able to not only express themselves, but keep current with events that affect s them, and topics that were directed toward black people. Ebony magazine was established and it was and still is a monthly magazine. The magazine was catered to African Americans, and it discussed health, fitness, finances, love, and simply African Americans live and achievements. The reason why this magazine was and still is so pertinent to the black culture because the magazine is catered to African Americans, because it gave black people a voice, it gave a voice that was relevant to people of color, and the topics were pertinent to black people has a whole. Ebony magazine paved the way for future magazines such as Jet, Essence, Black Enterprise etc. (Shahid, 2013) Malcolm X became one of the most influential people during the civil rights era, he was one of the first individuals to rejects the nonviolent civil-rights movement and integration, and became a champion of African American separatism and black pride (Davis, 2013). Now depending on who you ask, some may say X was one of the pioneers and his methods were necessary, and others may say he was nothing more than a trouble maker. But after careful research Malcolm X was a great man and it was not that he condoned violence, he condoned people standing up for themselves. He only was stating facts and the facts were the non-approach was not achieving much, and in the meantime black people were being killed in the masses because they weren’t fighting back. A man who seemed to be the opposite of Malcolm X, well in approach to the issue of direction of dealing with the Civil rights of African Americans. Martin Luther King Jr, became one of the most influential pioneers and voices of the civil rights movement. His nonviolence approach was both highly criticized as well as commended. (laureates, 2013) King worked diligently to establish racial equality, with his many sit-ins, protest and marches. He achieved many accomplishments in his lifetime, but that of course did not come without criticism because of his non-violent approaches, some people felt that King was furthering the slow progress of black people because they were not standing up for themselves. However his motive was the whole â€Å"kill them kindness† approach because he wanted to show that they weren’t just angry black people who wanted to fight, but he wanted people to understand what they were fighting for. In 1966 Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seales founded the Black Panther Party, a radical black power group, in Oakland, California. This was an organization was like no other and for those who had hate and animosity towards black people, and were considering starting trouble were in for a rude awakening. Because this group of individuals were organized, and as ironic as it may sound they established themselves as protection of the neighborhoods because of the police brutality that existed. And although they developed a reputation for militant rhetoric and clashes with the police. This was still an important time for African Americans because it gave the fire to stand up for themselves and basically fight fire with fire so to speak. The organization was short lived, and as certain research shows that certain federal, state, and local officials went through great lengths to discredit and destroy the organization, including but not limited to assassinations. African Americans have contributed a lot to not only this world but especially to the United States. As a whole they have jumped over hurdle after hurdle, they have continuously bounced back after many set-backs, and when so called rules were set into place they made it their business to break down barriers. Black people have accomplished a lot of things and despite the United States always backing them up, or them moving extremely slow to make progress, African Americans are still striving to make things equal and fair. But with all that said despite their being a African American President in office black people are still a ways away from the â€Å"promise land†. Because African Americans are still unfairly targeted by police, there is still gaps when it comes to getting loans, the rates on these homes, lack of good education, and fairness in jobs and pay. But no one can argue the fact that African Americans have made many contributions to the United States, despite the U. S. not always showing gratitude. Bibliography (n. d. ). Black Codes . (2013, April 13). Retrieved from The History Channel website. : http://www. history. com/topics/black-codes. AE, T. (2013, April 13). Harlem Renaissance. Retrieved from The Biography Channel website: http://www. biography. com/tv/classroom/harlem-renaissance#tgm Coleman C, D. (2013, http://hbcuconnect. com/history. shtml 14). The History of Historically Black Colleges Universites. Retrieved from HBCU Connect: http://hbcuconnect. com/history. shtml Davis, O. (2013, April 14). Malcolm X about bio. Retrieved from Malcolm X Biography: http://www. malcolmx. com/about/bio. html Group, F. M. (Director). (2001). Scottsboro: An American tragedy [Motion Picture]. Group, F. M. (Director). (2002). The Tuskegee airmen: They fought two wars [Motion Picture]. laureates. (2013, April 13). nobel prizes. Retrieved from Nobel Prize org: http://www. nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio. html Shahid, S. (2013, April 14). 65 Years Ago in News History: The Birth of Ebony Magazine. Retrieved from newseum: http://www. newseum. org/news/2010/10/65-years-ago-in-news-history-the-birth-of-ebony-magazine. html Williams, A. (2013, April 14). Harlem Renaissance. Retrieved from In Academic World Book. : http://www. worldbookonline. com/academic/article? id=ar246340.

Crisis Situation Management in Hospitality Sector

Crisis Situation Management in Hospitality Sector Introduction The tourist destinations and the tourists have always been target of terrorist activities. Even though, it is broadly recognized that it not a question of what if terrorists attract but instead, how, when and how well-prepared these tourists destination are, what the frameworks of the crisis management that is suggested by different published literature offered by tourism authorities in the improvement and accomplishment of a method targeting the mitigation and prevention of these attacks (Anderson and Shah, 2004). This essay will explain the principles of risk and crisis management that plays an active responsibility in crisis management of the tourists destination hit by the 9-11 terrorist attack and how the stakeholders address the threat of terrorism. There have been scenarios where the tourism industry in a country or more has experienced the dramatic downturn of the demand of their services (Bamford and Xystouri, 2005). The government and policy makers are bound with the dilemma of how they should react to the said crisis without any research into the related efficiency of diverse responses. The downfall of the demand of the tourism industry after the 9-11 attack in the United States is a dramatic crisis in the industry. The general equilibrium model is used in analyzing the impacts of the 9-11 attack as brought by the possible and policy in how the industry response to the crisis. Definition of Crisis management The primary effect of the crisis to any firm and industry is its image, reputation and capability to function. In order to prevent the upheaval, many people need to be conscious of the responsibilities and roles in time of crisis. Moreover, the staff and employees should be aware of the issues that would possibly hit them. Inevitably every crisis receives the attention of the media and as a result draws the interest of the public, specifically from possible tourists (Barton, 2003). Therefore, financial outcomes, reputation and corporate image may be critically weakened by crises. Firms that is poorly prepared as well as their destinations where client safety is confronted by risk losing clients. Crisis management is supervising a crisis that may have great impact to the profitability of the business. The foundation of crisis management depends on the searching, plowing and collecting of the achievement that could possibly get from a crisis. The basis structure of a crisis operation m anagement is to identify the occurring crisis to take the proper action and to make that public action. An efficient crisis management strategy permits a company to decrease the possible risk to its status showed by the disaster or crisis situation. This is important since the unsatisfactory managed crisis that results to bad publicity can influence the consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ perspective of a firm in duration of time. Importance of Managing Crisis in the Tourism (and Hospitality) Industry The crisis in the hospitality and tourism industry should be managed with a specific care for different reasons: most of the companies in the said industry depend on discretionary spending of their consumers (Bitner et al, 1990). This implies that the hospitality and tourism firms are very receptive to animosity since the acquisition of the service or product is not essentially valuable to the clients and they can easily let go of. The marketing of the services and products tourism solely depends on the awareness of the consumers know about their purpose and the level of risk that they are eager to tolerate. Thus, any aspect that shares to a raise in the recognized risk in utilizing a tourism service and product will have a negative effect the buying behavior of the consumers. This outcome also implements to broad industry crises. The involvement of tourism and hospitality industry is both developing and industrialized countries are so great recessions in the stage of the industry practices as their concern. The consequences expand beyond the directly associated activities with the tourism and hospitality industry, particularly hotels, airlines and catering, to segments that provide intermediary or final products that are bought by employees and companies in the said industry, so that all segments of the economy are influenced to a lesser or greater extent (Booth, 1993). The main reaction of the tourism and travel-related companies to important recession in the industry is to negotiate with the government to execute a range of rules to counteract the recession. The policymakers are facing with the hard decision of what, is any, ways to take, specifically since the execution of many policy measures is expensive and the related efficiency of another different measures. The government is challenged, especially, b y three problems that are important to any downfall in tourism and hospitality practice. The first matter of whether the crisis is adequately great to value offsetting measures. The relevant fact includes the scale that reduces in the profit of the tourism and hospitality industry, the recession have resulted to impact across the other segment of the economy and the impacts on the welfare of the industry. The second matter is the period of the crisis. If turmoil in the economy is perceived to last longer or even permanently, the company should focus their attention on lessening the modification costs as the economy advances to the new balance. If a crisis is just short-term in nature, the issue should be shield the economy of is the unfavorable impacts of the crisis (Brewton, 1987). The third matter is the issues of the policies option for implementation. In this circumstance, the companies should examine the related advantages of substitute policies consideration and responses that are integration of rates of relief and policies that is most cost-effective in increasing income and minimizing the expenditures. The option of the responses to the policies, preferably, is according to the previous estimation of the dispersion and magnitude of the effect of the crisis and the effect of substitute measures across different segment of the economy. The estimated economic effect of the changes in the demand for the hospitality industry has, conventionally, been assuming employing input-output model. This model is well-created means of taking responsibility of the inter-sector effects of diverse types of exogenous distress to the economy. (Booth, 1993) On the other hand, the input-output model depends on the number of pre-suppositions, like a fixed costs and salaries that may not be proper for the conditions of particular economies. Theories and Methods Employed in Managing Crisis In the situations of the crisis, usually progress in cycles of pre-catastrophe, catastrophe and post-catastrophe. The firm begins from a usual situation and ultimately going back to it. It is the occurrences between these levels of familiarity that are of goals of this study. There are different standards that have been developed in the field of crisis management, with most frameworks of best practice are from experiences. For this industry a particular model was customized (Buchholtz, 2003). The main subject in crisis management is the advance preparation: there are some key decisions that should be arrived at before the crisis itself. These are the training for crisis managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  prevention planning and quick response, in order to achieve effective crisis management, it should be performed proactively with the goal to protect and defend the interests of the firm. In spirit, crisis management is part of the strategic methods planning from a firm. In order for a firm to be prepared to act against a crisis, the management requires to get ready ahead in advance (Chong and Nyaw, 2002). The most common issues to a company are: fire, labor accidents, wreckages, economic crisis and external forces. The firms are classified in each crisis situation based on its rigorousness and responded consequently. For example, if there is an unfortunate loss of life during the crisis, then this is regarded as the basic consequence and is managed by the whole team. In the same way, a technical problem that is confronted on a regular basis may not need the similar mobilization (Chong, 2004). The tourism and hospitality industry has assumed a proactive method to their media management by presenting excellent relationship between the local and national media by regular, friendly and direct communication. There are press conferences, as well as special publications like newsletters and magazines that are utilized to operate together with the media. Th ere are direct communications that are important in crisis situations when the firm and the media cooperate to guarantee the truthfulness of any reports. Most firms seek the help of some consultancy firms that help with crisis management, which are two of the most valuable and important services they provide. Firms should be ready for facing crisis that are possibly harmful to their reputation. In simpler words, the firm, the employees and the management should train according to the development program of crisis management: brainstorming, media training, planning, audits and simulation (Clark and Varma, 1999). The whole organization from the top management down to the employees should use these skills and tools. Modeling Travel and Tourism in the Wider Economy The impacts of the 9-11 attack in New York and the related effects to the different policies on the tourism and hospitality industry can be analyzed on the U.S. economy. The government accepts all income taxes and invests it on the tourist and hospitality industry (COOMBS, 2006). The flows in the tourism and hospitality is based on the demand of the private households, both resident and domestic travels, some are for business purposes, purchasing products for tourism and travel use. For each flow in the industry, the model for the trips in the tourism and hospitality industry includes the tourism, travel and air travel. The limits in the functions of demand in the industry are transformed to reproduce the impact of the 9-11 attack on the demands in the industry, with the less attractive air travel. The model is structured so that policy on products and services is The model is formulated so that government expenditure on goods and services is exogenous, and government expenditure on travel and tourism trips is changed exogenously to simulate the effects of September 11. The government adjusts its budget through lump-sum transfers to private households. Net foreign savings are fixed, so that the changes that are modeled do not affect international capital flows. World market prices are assumed to be determined exogenously (Anderson and Shah, 2004). These conditions are known as the government, macroeconomic and external closures. The constancy of the dollar and the GDP of the economy is the typical measure of the economic practices. The net impact of the industry budget is the net change like in the local, state and federal, tax profits without the extra expenses during the 9-11 attack (Barton, 2003). There is an adjustment in the labor and capital constant dollar factor. More particularly, it is the constant value of dollar that moves from their employment, either into another segment or to become employed or unemployed or, in the case of the underutilized capital. It does not gauge the adjustment costs of re-tooling, re-training and expense on unemployment benefits, but it is a manifestation of the related size of these modifications costs. The relative factor modification is the same measure as the provided rate of all employment factors rather than the constancy of dollars. The Procedures of Crisis management Generally, the use of resources and time strategies for crisis management should have the development of a project plan provided by the firm, the high skilled employees and well-equipped projects, well-trained and well-educated employees, as well as efficient allocation of budget. Moreover, to these methods, the implementation of crisis management will most possibly provide increase to different problems and challenges. It is then fundamental that the firm recognizes these issues and get ready for their countermeasures in order to avoid worst impacts. Recognizing Possible Problems This strategy will aid the firm to classify possible problems in relation to quality systems should be used in crisis management (Bamford and Xystouri, 2005). One objective of developing other advance actions is to attend to the future challenges. The fast recognition of problems before the project is applied is advantageous not only because it avoids worst business impacts from occurring, but this also guarantees the length of the crisis management project. If the firm can last the probable problems of crisis management, the allotted resources for it implementation will be saved. The training in crisis management is one of the main elements that the firm should put in mind in order to classify the potential challenges. Basically, there are two types of crisis management training that will be very functional including statistical problem-saving and training. The training comprises of training on technical issues, participative methods, brainstorming or nominal collecting techniques that can be implemented in the crisis management. Potential Management Pitfalls The execution of crisis management is very useful for business development. On the other hand, the process of the implementation is not easy. Moreover, the important resources is needed to have the project materialize, a number of problems can have an impact to the success of the success of crisis management. One of the probable effects of the implementation of crisis management is the notion that such management does not generally lead to 100% success (Coombs, 2006). Moreover, it does not really follow an orderly and linear process, causing the firm to go through stressful and chaotic procedure. The crisis management can be perceived as a trial and errors practice that requires the constancy of changes and improvement. In most situations, the application of the crisis management is only focused on the professionals instead of the employees who will employ it. In this scenario, it is essential to take note that crisis management should get their personnel to get involved in the company, basically because they will be the ones who will be operating towards the success of the crisis management (Elliot et al, 2005). Another problem to focus is that crisis management does not usually need transformation in management compensation. The company should also consider the transition of its investment in crisis management. Therefore, unless the firm does something to encourage it employees and team players, they will not give the concept of quality seriously. Finally, the implementation of crisis management seems to apply technical and mechanical method. This makes the crisis management to people and emotion. Risk Management The firm should be free to enter the idea of challenges and risk that always exist in crisis management (Elsubbaugh et al, 2004). Therefore, it is necessary for the firm to motivate its people to improve on the other options that will counteract the problems. In order to take action to these identified problems in crisis management, the firm would have to adjust their crisis management methods (Evans and Elphick, 2005). One crisis management techniques that can be implemented is the monitoring system of employment. Through the created monitoring systems, possible causes or problems can be easily identified. It is essential that the members of the work force can actively participate in this crisis management practices. In this effort, there is an important regularity. There should be a definite monitoring schedule that should be followed closely. Another procedure of the crisis management is the feedback system implementation (Fall, 2004). In this procedure, the team will be designated per unit of the company. It is the task of the leaders to take notice of the enhancements of the quality systems. The feedback system then permits the quick resolution of quality issues even when observing scheduled procedures. Conclusions Crisis management and preparedness is critically important for all tourism and hospitality industry organizations to prevent bad reputation and damage to their business. The achievement in transacting with the crisis event depends within efficient pre-crisis planning. The study recommended that the tourism and hospitality industry have been provided great deliberation to possible crisis and how to do business with them. They have implemented the common crisis action team structure to one that provides the needs of the industry that enables accurate and speedy reaction and action to upcoming situations as well as permitting for the human factor of taking care with victims (Coombs, 2006). The tourism and hospitality industry has classified good practice from their methods of crisis management that could be implemented by other firms: Crisis preparation is the main factor, brainstorming of the types of crisis and improves action plans for each type. Classify the criteria of the crisis i f its major or a minor. Recognize the team of the crisis management and promote the possible stakeholders that the firm will be having business with. Finally, show good business relationships with the important reporters and media. The cost-effectiveness has various types of response to the policy in the crisis management in the tourism and hospitality industry that is very efficient in decreasing the worst impact of the 9-11 crises. On the other hand, the related success of the different policy considerably differs. The outcomes from the discussed model of crisis management in this model is directly related to the assistance towards the tourism and hospitality industry in the form of subsidy which the most effective instrument for facing the challenges of the crisis. These subsidies are for air travel, specifically it is the less effective manner of saving jobs and retaining the profit in the provision to the industry itself. This would have the benefit of offering the tourism industry with more benefit to decrease the ticket costs, therefore motivating the action against the crisis. The crisis management would specifically save jobs in the tourism and hospitality industry, so that the method of assistance for both company and government could be focused on. Even though, these actions are related to the impact of the 9-11 attack, it is possible that they can be simplified to other forms of crisis in the tourism and hospitality industry. Therefore, for an instance, the hotel business were adversely affected by any specific occurrences, it is probably that a policy of direct management of crisis in the hotel business be most successful when it comes to responses. The related efficiencies of different forms of crisis management policies to various forms of crisis in different countries could be done using a modeling technique.

Hate Speech - Legal, but Unnecessary -- essays research papers

Hate Speech - Legal, but Unnecessary While a clear and concise definition remains forthcoming, it is easier to establish what hate speech is not. Hate speech is wrong but legal in the United States of America mostly because we have the freedom of speech. But the First Amendment exists precisely to protect the most offensive and controversial speech from government suppression. In this case, people are allowed to use hate speech and not get arrested or any legal actions against them. The best way to counter obnoxious speech such as this is with more speech. Persuasion, not violence, is the solution to this problem (Jouhari). Hate speech has been mistakenly tied with other categories of speech both legal and illegal. One should avoid confusing hate speech with something it is not because other legal implications might come into play. Hate speech is not obscene speech. According to the guidelines of the Federal Communications Committee (FCC) for indecent speech, which define indecent speech as, "limited to language or material that depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as much by the contemporary community standards for the broadcast means, sexual activities or organs," then hate speech is not indecent speech either (Pullma). Indecent speech should also be kept apart from the category of hate speech, which involves victimization. Hate speech is offensive language towards a particular group, race, gender, or religion. These include the insulting words by which their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace. It has been well observed that such utterances are no essential part of any exposition of ideas, and are of such slight social value as a step to truth that any benefit that may be derived from them is clearly outweighed by the social interest in order and morality (Pullma). There is no choice but to continue tolerating intolerance, until the Constitution itself would be amended, which is an event unlikely to occur. In the meantime, individual cases and court opinions add more problems to the already growing problem called the constitutionality of hate speech. Hate speech on the Internet is one of those problems, unique, but part of the whole picture. &n... ...use all hate speech is, is speech that makes people feel inferior or doleful. I believe that Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. would have to had agree with me if he was here in this day and time about the way at tackling this problem. This method of problem solving is nonviolent and effective. Just like that in the Letter from Birmingham Jail that Dr. King wrote to the Clergyman. He never used any speech to insult or put down any race or social group. He wrote what he believed without this type of speech because he knew that the people, the majority, reading would take it personally and not listen to what he really had to say. In addition, like Thoreau says, "Men generally, under such a government as this, think that they ought to wait until they have persuaded the majority to alter them" (Jacobus, 134). This is what I believed Dr. King did when he spoke. He got the attention of his audience then he preceded to persuading them to his beliefs. He never used hate speech even though it was legal for him to do so. Hate speech is legal and protected by the First Amendment but does that mean that people have to use it.

Sociology- family diversity

Using material from Item A and elsewhere assess sociological explanations of the nature and extent of family diversity today. Family diversity means that there are many different types of family in society today not Just nuclear, cereal packet families. There are several different types of family within I-JK society. These include; nuclear, single parent, gay or lesbian, extended and reconstituted.Although nuclear remains the most common family type in the I-JK today with 20% of families falling into the category, other types are fast on the increase due to societies changing attitudes owards what is considered ‘acceptable'. Perspectives such as functionalist and the new right have been described as ‘modernist'. That is, they see modern society as having a fairly fixed, clear-cut and predictable structure. They see one ‘best' family type- the nuclear family- as slotting into this structure and helping it by performing certain essential functions.Modernists are firml y opposed to family diversity. They hold the view that there is only one correct or normal family type. They see the traditional patriarchal nuclear family consisting of a married couple and their ependent children, with a clear labour division between the breadwinner husband and the home maker wife as correct. They also see a clear distinction between who should carry out the ‘instrumental' and ‘expressive' role in the household. For example, according to Talcott Parsons there is a functional fit' between the nuclear family and modern society. https://donemyessay.com/sociology-exam-3-chapters-6-8/He sees the nuclear family as uniquely suited to meeting the needs of modern society for a geographically and socially mobile workforce, and as performing two ‘irreducible functions'- the primary socialisation of children and he stabilisation of adult personalities. He claims these functions contribute to the overall stability and effectiveness of society. Hence, other family types can be considered as abnormal, or even deviant, since they are less able to perform the functions required of the family.However, other sociologists reject the modernist idea that there is one ‘best' family type or that he familys structure shapes its members behaviour. Feminist and postmodernist views would argue that modernist approaches ignore significant facts. They argue, as individual social actors, we make our own choices about family life and relationships, and we now have much greater choice about our personal relationships, and tha t has increased family diversity so much that we can no longer talk about a dominant type.There are many things in modern society that have lead to an increase in family diversity today. One of the main reasons for diversity is the divorce act introduced in 1969-71 meaning women can get a divorce if they feel it is necessary. Judith Stacey argues that greater choice as benefitted women and enabled them to free themselves from patriarchal oppression and to shape their family arrangements to suit their needs. The act has lead to an increase in single parent families and singletons.The modernists would see this as having a negative effect on society as single parent families are ill equipped to bring up a well rounded individual who can make a positive contribution to society. However, a postmodernist, Fiona Weir, argues â€Å"the vast majority of children growing up in single-parent families do so healthily and happily'. Another piece of egislation that is helped increase family dive rsity is the civil partnerships act (2004). It nas meant that same sex couples can legally get married and in many cases adopt a child.Teenage pregnancy is on the increase and this has again increase family diversity and has meant there is an increase in single parent families and the three generational family all living under the same roof. This contradicts parsons claims that the extended family is not as important or needed as much as it was in preindustrial times and points out that in some cases it is needed as much as ever. The changing position of women in society has also had a large impact on family diversity. Many women now are going out to work, whereas in the past they would have stayed at home and looked after the children and her husband.It has meant that many are now either not having children at all or waiting until they are older so they can focus on their careers. The new right and the functionalists would have a big problem with this as they see it as a women's ma in Job is to bear children, take care of her children and the household. The feminists and postmodernists would however see the changing stature of women as something that is very positive as it empowers them and gives them a choice on what they want to do with their own lives.Another key factor to point out when talking about family diversity would be the role of the media in the betrayal of modern families. In soap operas for example there may be a lot of teenage pregnancies and families such as reconstituted ones. This would have a major impact on what people think is acceptable in todays society, nd if people think it is acceptable they are more likely to do it. The media may have cause subjects such as divorce, which would have been a taboo subject in the past, to become socially acceptable which inevitably lead to an increase in the amount that take place.One of the main issues when talking about family diversity would be the increase in the neo-conventional family. Chester de fines the neo-conventional family as a dual earner family in which both spouses go out and work. This family type would be relevant to todays family because of the recession. The recession has eant that the woman can no longer afford to stay at home and care for her family as it is unaffordable. It is similar to the symmetrical family described by Young and Willmott.For Chester, the extent and importance of family diversity described by the new right has been exaggerated. Like the functionalists, Chester sees the nuclear family as dominant. The only important difference between his view and that of functionalists is that Chester sees a change from a conventional to neo-conventional nuclear family where both play an ‘instrumental' or breadwinner role. Ulrich Beck rgues that we now live in a ‘risk society where tradition has less influence and people have more choice. As a result we are more aware of risks.Todays risk society contrasts with an earlier time when roles were more fixed and people had much less choice in how they lived their lives. The modernists would see this traditional view on society as correct and the way our lives should be lived out today as it is the only way a functioning society can survive. For example, people were expected to marry. Once married, men were expected to play the role of the breadwinner and disciplinarian nd to make important financial decisions, while women took responsibility for the housework and childcare.However, the traditional, patriarchal family has been undermined by two trends; greater gender equality and greater individualism. These trends have lead to a new type of family; Ulrich Beck calls it the ‘negotiated family. Negotiated families do not conform to the traditional norms, but vary according to the wishes ot their members. These types ot tamilies are increasingly prevalent today mainly because of the recession and also many women want to work.